Celestial Bodies in the Cthulhu Mythos
John Beal

According to L. Sprague De Camp, Lovecraft was a keen astronomer, whose first interest was created through the classical myths associated with the constellations. The stories of H. P. Lovecraft-and other writers of the Cthulhu mythos often mention the roles of stars in connection with deities, events or rituals. -A certain number of these places are fictional, for example the planet Sharnoth, home of Nyarlathotep beyond this universe, in what might be termed Universe B. Others are real stars and planets, so I thought it interesting to investigate any mythology connected with them, and the meaning of their names.

THE PLANETS: Rather than list each individual planet and their associated myths, here is a synopsis of a few which seem particularly of interest. In the Lovecraft and Sterling story In the Walls of Eryx the setting is a Venus covered by lush jungle, through which the narrator searches for a crystal worshipped by the Venutian Man-Lizards, possibly a reference to the Serpent People and Shining Trapezohedron of The Haunter of the Dark and other stories. Venus is also mentioned along with Jupiter in The Shadow out of Time in which Lovecraft writes "There was a mind from Venus, which would live incalculable epochs to come, and one from an outer moon of Jupiter six million years in the past." Many of Clark Ashton Smith's stories are set upon planets, The Door to Saturn for example and also The Vaults of Yoh-Vombis which is set upon Mars. Most of Smith's works however concern Planets in other star systems, for example The Planet of the Dead, the planet mentioned in Marooned in Andromeda, and The Flower-Women of Voltap. The final planet I shall mention, appears to be pivotal to the astronomical ideas in Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. Yuggoth synonymous with Pluto, is the abode of fungal creatures who leave crab-like footprints and make inter-planetary journeys... 'on clumsy, powerful wings which have a way of resisting the ether". Kenneth Grant uses Yuggoth as a symbol of the boundary between dimensions, an idea expressed in the poem Beyond by Lin Carter:

"I have seen Yith,
and Yuggoth on the
Rim,
And black Carcosa
in the Hyades."

It is interesting that Carter mentions Carcosa (the invention of Ambrose Bierce in his story An inhabitant of Carcosa) as lying in the seven sister stars of the Hyades, as this area of the sky is returned to again and again in the Cthulhu mythos.

FOMALHAUT (Alpha Pisces Australis): This name, like many others derives straight from Arabic. Its origins are Fum al Hiiit, meaning 'Mouth of the Fish'. It is not so surprising therefore that this star is located at the mouth of the drinking fish, Pisces Australis. Interestingly it is the only named star in this constellation and is the most southerly first-magnitude star visible from Great Britain. The fact that it is of first magnitude relates to the Cthulhu mythos deity Cthugga with which it is connected. Cthugga is described as resembling an "enormous burning mass continually varying in shape." Cthugga is also served by beings called Flame Vampires which again suggests an intensely hot abode.

ALDEBARAN (Alpha Tauri): Aldebaran is generally known as 'The Eye of the Bull', Taurus, due to its distinct orange colouration. Originally the name was given to the entire Hyades cluster, which it is in fact not a member of, but is some distance in front of. Its name again comes from Arabic, Al Dabaran, meaning 'The Follower'. This was due to the Greeks belief that the star followed the Pleiades. This star is linked to the Cthulhu mythos in an extremely interesting way. The original link was through the stories of Robert William Chambers in The King in Yellow, where it is the bright twin star, home of Hastur.

It is regarded by August Derleth as the Star where some of the Cthulhu deities emenated from. In this respect it is of interest to quote from The Whisperer in Darkness; "To Nyarlathotep, mighty messenger must all things be told. And he shall put on the semblance of men, the waxen mask and the robe that hides and come down from the world of seven suns to mock...", Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths states that both the Pleiades and the Hyades were the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas, making them equivalent in mythological terms. The statement from The Whisperer in Darkness clearly shows an alignment with the seven sister suns of either cluster, thus connecting Nyarlathotep to Aldebaran's area of influence. Perhaps one can go further and express the possibility that Hastur, the King in Yellow, is one of Nyarlathotep's "thousand other forms", since in the story; The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath Nyarlathotep is described as wearing a "yellow mask". As well as this in the story The Crawling Chaos by Lovecraft and Elizabeth Berkeley, the destruction of the Earth is portrayed as seen by a Being on "Cetharion of the seven suns, thus connecting the area again to Nyarlathotep as the crawling chaos, the Nemesis of the Earth.

Another observation is that Aldebaran was once in the constellation of Mithras; which consisted of the constellations Taurus and Perseus. This connects to the star Algol, another star mentioned briefly in Beyond the Walls of Sleep by Lovecraft.

ALGOL (Beta Persei): This was the very first eclipsing binary star to be discovered:

Montanan, an Italian astronomer in the 1600's was the first European to note and produce explanation for the stars periodic wink. Its Arabic name Al Ghtil means 'The Demon' or more precisely 'The Ghoul', and in English it also has the nickname 'The Demon Star'. Originally Algol was one of the stars making up the shield of Mithras, but later came to represent the malevolent winking eye of Medusa in the constellation Perseus. Due to it being the first eclipsing binary to be discovered the class of such stars is termed 'Algol-type' variables.

BETELGEUSE (Alpha Orion is): Although this star is labelled the Alpha star it is in fact dimmer than Beta Orion is, or RIGEL. The star is a red supergiant whose name derives from Yad al Jauzah meaning 'Hand of the Giant', or 'Hand of the Sacred One'. Apparently the name should be spelled Yedelgeuse, but due to poor translation of the Arabic into Latin it was wrongly read as Bad, Arabic for armpit, instead of the word Yad which means hand. This star lies some 650 light years away from us and it is a period variable star, altering its luminance by brightening and fading in an annual cycle. In the Cthulhu mythos it is regarded as the star from which the Elder Gods ruled.

POLARIS (Alpha Ursae Minoris): Obviously the name implies it to be the pole star, and it is in fact within l~ of the celestial north pole. However in Greek its name is Cynosura, and means 'dog's tail', thus implying that the whole constellation at one time referred to a dog instead of a bear. An even earlier Greek name was Phoenice, possibly connecting it to the name Phoenissa, (whose masculine form is Phoenix). The name Phoenissa means 'the red, or bloody one'. Robert Graves states it as connecting with Demeter and Astarte; Phoenissa's name implying the moon goddess's role of Death- in-Life. Interestingly Phoenix is stated as renaming the land of Canaan as Phoenicia, thus producing another possible link.

The Pole star will be at its closest to celestial north in the year 2100 and then will be gradually succeeded by the star Vega. This procession seems to be implied in Lovecraft's story Polaris, in the poem:

"Slumber, watcher,
till the spheres,
Six and twenty
thousand years
Have revolv'd, and I
return
To the spot where
now I burn.
Other stars anon
shall rise
To the axis of the
skies;
Stars that soothe and
stars that bless
With a sweet
forgetfulness;
Only when my round
is o'er
Shall the past disturb
thy door."

The use of the term 'the axis of the skies' in the poem is most interesting due to its connecting with the Arabic name for the star: Al Kutb al Shamaliyy, meaning 'the axle of the north'.

ARCTURUS (Alpha Bootes): This stars name in Greek means 'the bear-watcher' or 'bear-keeper', and in Arabic is Al Simak al Rimah or 'the lofty lance-bearer'. It was at one time the name of the entire constellation of Bootes, 'the herdsman'. The constellations name also means 'the bear-hunter', and the word Bootes itself derives from Boetes the Greek for 'clamorous', and the Latin name seems to comply with this as 'vociferator' or 'clamator'; the shout of a huntsman with his dogs (Canes Venatici). This star is mentioned briefly in a passage of Lovecraft's story Beyond the Wall of Sleep suggesting that the dreaming consciousness of Joe Slater, (the hero) had "drifted to the worlds that reel about the red Arcturus".

SIRIUS (Alpha Canis Major): Kenneth Grant associates Sirius with the Lovecraftian and Babylonian deity Dagon, an idea which Robert Temple also propounds in his book The Sirius Mystery. Temple quotes from a Babylonian historian named Berossus, who writes of a group of Alien Amphibians whose leader was Oannes, later to become the fish-god Dagon of the Philistines. Berossus also speaks of another amphibious alien called Odacon, which Temple believes to be a corrupted form of Dagon. Temple's book concerns amongst other things, an African tribe called the Dogon, who are aware of SIRIUS B an invisible-to-the-eye star, which they believe has a planet circling it from which the Amphibian Aliens came.

In Greek the stars name was Seirios aster, 'the scorching star'; whilst the Latin was Kanikuly, due in both cases to its appearance in the 'caniculares dies' or dog days of the hot summer months. In Arabic it had the name Al Shira al 'Abur al Yamaniyyah meaning 'the shining one in the passage of Yemen', signifying its position to the right of a Muslim as he faces Mecca. This star is in fact the brightest in the night sky and similar to ALGOL is also binary, with the white dwarf star SIRIUS B orbiting at a full revolution every fifty years. In Greek mythology it is also called Orthus which was the two-headed watch-dog belonging to Atlas, parented by Typhon and Echidne. Also in myth the Dog-star Sirius was regarded as Cerberus pertaining to the tripartite year. In Egyptian myth the dog-star was associated with Anubis, who according to Robert Graves can be identified with Hecate as the tn-headed bitch, eating corpse flesh and howling at the moon. Elsewhere Graves also identifies it with the Egyptian god Thoth and thus also to the Greek Hermes, both messengers of the gods, the role which Nyarlathotep serves in the Cthulhu mythos.